74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992

74^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 (w.e.f. 01.06.1993) : Provided for constitutional sanctity to Municipalities by inserting Part IX-A, containing Arts. 243p to 243ZG and the XIIth Schedule which deals with the items concerning Municipalities.

77^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1995: By this amendment a new clause 4A was added to Art, 16 which authorized the State to make provisions for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes with regard to Promotions in Government jobs.

78^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1995: This amended the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution to insert 27 Land Reform Acts of various States. After this the total number of Acts included in the Ninth Schedule went up to 284.

79^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1999: Amendment Art, 334 to extend the reservation of seats for SCs/ STs and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and  in the State  Legislative Assemblies up to 60 years from the commencement of the Constitution (i.e. till 2010).

80^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000:  Amended Art, 269 and substituted a new Article for Art. 270 and abolished Art, 272 of the Constitution. This was based on the recommendation of the Tenth Finance Commission. This amendment was deemed to have come into operation from 1^st April 1996. The Amendment widened the Scope of the Central taxes and duties on the consignment of goods levied by the Government of India and distributed among States.

81^st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000: Amended Art, 16(1) of the Constitution and added a new clause (4-B) after clause (4-A) to Art. 16(1) of the Constitution. The new clause (4-B) ends the 50% ceiling on reservation for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Classes in backlog vacancies.

82^nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000: This amendment restored the relaxation in qualifying marks and standards of evaluation in both job reservation and promotions to scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes which was set aside by a Supreme Court’s judgment in 1996. 84^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2001 (w.e.f. 21.02.2002) :  this amendment provided that till the publication of the relevant figures of the first census after 2026 the ascertainment of the population of a State for following purposes shall be made on the basis of the census shown against each of them:

·         Election of the President under Art. 55- 1971 census.

·         Allotment of seats to each State in Lok Sabha – 1971 census.

·         Division of State into territorial Lok Sabha constituencies- 1991 census.

·         Composition of Legislative Assemblies under Art. 170 – 1991 Census.

·         Reservation of seats for SC/ ST in the Lok Sabha under Art. 330- 1991 census.

85^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2001: It amended clause (4-A) of Art. 16 and substituted the words “in matters of promotion, with consequential seniority, to any class” for the words “in matter of promotion to any class.”

The amendment provided for ‘consequential seniority’ to the SCs/ STs for promotion in government service.

86^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002: Added a new Art. 21A after Art. 21 which makes the right of education for children of the age of 6 to 14 years a Fundamental Right. Substitutes article 45 to direct the State to Endeavour to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years. Added a new Fundamental Duty to part IV (Art. 51A) of the Constitution.

87^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003 (w.e.f. 19.02.2004) : Provided that the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha and division of each State into territorial Constituencies will be done on the basis of population as ascertained by the 2001 census ‘ and not by ‘ 1991’ census.

88^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003 (w.e.f. 15.01.2004):  this amendment inserted a new Article 268A after Article 268 which empowered the Union of India to levy ‘service tax’

This tax shall be collected and appropriated by the Union and States in the manner as formulated by Parliament.